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Extra info for A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947

Sample text

Pakistan was so internally divided that a further partition was perhaps inevitable. Following an attempt on his life, Ayub stepped aside in March 1969 in favour of General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan, the army commander-in-chief. Yahya immediately reimposed martial law and ended the autonomy of the hill states in the north, sending a strong signal that he intended to centralize the state. Nevertheless, in an attempt to widen the base of support, limited political activity, the so-called Basic Democracy, was permitted again in 1970 and elections were held.

In September 1948 Indian troops crossed the border in a 'police action'. Unlike the situation in Kashmir, where separatist forces had taken the Indian Army by surprise and seized part of the state, the Indian forces had had time to build up an intelligence picture of Hyderabad and its strength, assisted by the Hindu population, who were eager to join India formally. The aim was to execute a rapid operation to avoid interference from outside (such as gunrunning) and to minimize the loss of life.

Ls Some of this investment was repaid in the form of barter agreements with the Soviets after an agreement in 1958, so it could be classed as trade rather than aid, whereas the United States PL480 programme offered capital and foreign exchange for urgent food needs or for consumption goods. 16 Since a peak in the Third Five Year Plan, aid has played a less important part in investment in India, reflecting the determination by Indian governments to break free of any foreign constraints. Indira Gandhi argued: (No country should even think of using aid to make India change its fundamental policies.

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